The Republic of Open Science: The institution’s historical origins and prospects for continued vitality
Paul A. David
#2014-082
In most modern economies scientific and technological research
activities are conducted in two distinct organizational modes:
commercially oriented R&D based upon proprietary information, and
noncommercial "open science." When taken together and kept in proper
balance, these form a complementary pair of institutionally
differentiated sub-systems. Each can work to amplify and augment the
productivity of the other, thereby spurring long-term economic growth
and improvements of social welfare in knowledge-driven societies. This
paper considers the difference between historical origins of open
science and its modern, critically important role in the allocation of
research resources. The institutional structure of 'The Republic of Open
Science' generally is less well understood and has less robust
self-sustaining foundations than the familiar non-cooperative market
mechanisms associated with proprietary R&D. Although they are better
suited for the conduct of exploratory science, they also remain more
vulnerable to damages from collateral effects of shifts in government
policies, particularly those that impact their fiscal support and
regulatory environments. After reviewing the several challenges that
such policy actions during the 20th century's closing decades had posed
for continued effective collective explorations at the frontiers of
scientific knowledge, the discussion examines the responses that those
developments elicited from academic research communities. Those
reactions to the threatened curtailment of timely access to data and
technical information about new research methods and findings took the
form of technical and organizational innovations designed to expand and
enhance infrastructural protections for sustained open access in
scientific and scholarly communications. They were practical,
'bottom-up' initiatives to provide concrete, domain relevant tools and
organizational routines whose adoption subsequently could be, and in the
event were reinforced by 'top-down' policy guidelines and regulatory
steps by public funding agencies and international bodies. The
non-politicized nature of that process, as well as its largely effective
outcomes should be read (cautiously) as positive portents of the future
vitality of the Republic of Open Science and of those societies that
recognize, protect and adequately support this remarkable social
innovation.
Keywords: science and technology policy, open science, new economics of
science, evolution of institutions, patronage, asymmetric information,
principal-agent problems, common agency contracting, social networks,
'invisible colleges,' scientific academies, intellectual property
rights, anti-commons, contractual construction of commons
JEL Classification: D8, H4, K110, O3